File Permissions in Linux / Unix: How to Read, Write & Change?

Linux File Permissions: Understanding Setuid, Setgid, and the Sticky Bit

a) What are the permissions for your .login file? Who can accessthis file and what can they do with it? (Hint: ls -al/etc/passwd)b) What are the permissions for the /etc/passwd file? Who canaccess this file and what can they do with it? List two possibleways this file could be abused.c) Where are the encrypted passwords stored on Linux/Unixmachines? (Hint: What file?)d) How might a forensic examiner use a password cracker (bespecific)?e) Why might a forensic examiner want to check /etc/passwd?f)