In the nearly 40 years since electronic control systems first became common features of industrial machines, controls theory has necessarily evolved to keep pace with machine design. Early on, systems ...

New ISA technical report distills thousands of pages of PID references for improving process performance. Even though controllers using the proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) algorithm have been ...

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...