Probability theory forms the mathematical backbone for quantifying uncertainty and random events, providing a rigorous language with which to describe both everyday phenomena and complex scientific ...

In many experimental observation systems where the goal is to record a three-dimensional observation of an object, or a set of objects, a lower-dimensional projection of the intended subject is ...

In this paper a two-person red-and-black game is investigated. We suppose that, at every stage of the game, player I's win probability, f, is a function of the ratio of his bet to the sum of both ...