When an intense laser pulse hits a stationary electron, it performs a trembling motion at the frequency of the light field. However, this motion dies down after the pulse, and the electron comes to ...

Plasma physics is the study of a state of matter comprising charged particles. Plasmas are usually created by heating a gas until the electrons become detached from their parent atom or molecule. This ...

Particle physics is the study of the elementary building blocks of matter and radiation and their interaction. The fundamental particles are summarised by the standard model. This includes leptons ...

Whether infection of cells by individual virions occurs randomly or if there is some form (s) of competition or cooperativity between individual virions remains largely unknown for most virus-cell ...

We think of matter as being made up from three main particles – protons, neutrons and electrons. However the full set of matter particles is the fermions. This has a much greater variety of sub-atomic ...