Extropy has emerged as a pivotal measure in the quantification of uncertainty, serving as a complementary counterpart to the traditional concept of entropy. Unlike entropy, which is widely used to ...

This refers to any bias in a predictive model which is the result of the omission of variables that are relevant to the outcome. The omission of a relevant variable can, among other things, lead to ...

We explore the use of instrumental variables (IV) analysis with a multisite randomized trial to estimate the effect of a mediating variable on an outcome in cases where it can be assumed that the ...