The thematic study of crime and punishment in Britain, c.1250-present spans over 1,000 years. Understanding the period's chronology and knowing some key themes is essential to understanding patterns ...

As part of your answer you will need to analyse what the passage shows about Ralph at this point. Look again at the extract below with some highlighted points that you could write about in an answer.

Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...