Abstract: Traffic signal control plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems, with cooperative control being challenging to implement but essential for its effectiveness. Many methods ...

Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings This program calculates the exponential function ( e^x ) using a Taylor series expansion. It compares the approximation to the built ...

Abstract: We consider the continuous-time temporal difference (TD) learning dynamics with nonlinear value function approximations, where there is a slim understanding of the convergence properties in ...

Calculating the cost of goods sold gives a business insight into its performance and helps calculate profit. Many, or all, of the products featured on this page are from our advertising partners who ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Andy Smith is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP®), licensed realtor and educator with over ...