Encode and decode Base64 without "=" padding. RFC 4648 specifies that Base64 should be padded to a multiple of 4 bytes using "=" characters. However many protocols choose to omit the "=" padding.

Most modern software relies on the Unicode standard. In memory, Unicode strings are represented using either UTF-8 or UTF-16. The UTF-8 format is the de facto standard on the web (JSON, HTML, etc.) ...

FDA mandates a uniform 12-digit NDC (6-4-2) effective March 7, 2033, with a 2033–2036 hybrid period that concentrates conversion risk. ZCPM modeling of the FDA NDC Directory estimates ~4,088 ...