Natural selection uses duplicated genes as raw material for functional innovation, co-opting their existing features to new functions. Understanding genetic innovation requires two questions to be ...

A survey of reasoning behaviour in medical large language models uncovers emerging trends, highlights open challenges, and introduces theoretical frameworks that enhance reasoning behaviour ...

Escape from the vacuole following invasion is crucial for cytosolic pathogens. Bacteria escape rapidly from the vacuole through mechanisms that rely on the production of secreted enzymes and form ...

Copyright: © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. We investigated nasal, gingival, and oropharyngeal microbiota from 69 MS to 40 healthy control subjects by ...