A study of water velocities near subtidal kelp fronds, relative to the motion of the kelp itself, is described. The dynamic model developed by Utter and Denny (1996) is used to develop a quantitative ...

Mantle plumes are thought to play an important part in the Earth’s tectonics, yet it has been difficult to isolate the effect that plumes have on plate motions. Here we analyse the plate motions ...