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Abstract: Modeling a complex system with a large number of variables at one time and collecting global data on a large scale is usually not practical. It is ideal to model the global system according ...

Abstract: In energy-only electricity markets, the operational reserve demand curve is a scarcity pricing mechanism adopted to address the shortage of reserves and ...

OIPD computes the market's expectations about the probable future prices of an asset, based on information contained in options data.