Spirometry with FVL measurement is a vital component of the patient evaluation for respiratory symptoms, and when a properly performed FVL test is abnormal it should prompt a thorough investigation.

Learning the basics can ease loop tuning frustration and ensure stability. During plant operations, it seems that tuning control loops is an ongoing task, which can be a continual frustration to ...

Flow meters are used to measure the rate of flow of liquids or gases, just like electric meters measure the amount of electricity consumed. However, unlike electric meters, which are either ...