In-line UV spectroscopy allows real-time monitoring of cleaning processes, enhancing process control and compliance with Pharma 4.0 goals. The method provides continuous detection of residual cleaning ...

The solution to characterizing particle scattering as a function of UV/Visible spectroscopy is found in the Rayleigh scattering equation represented in Equation 1. Shown below is the generalized form ...

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial metric for assessing the organic pollution load in water, reflecting the amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic compounds. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) ...