Clock signals provide reference timing to every integrated circuit and electrical system. While consumer applications typically use simple quartz crystals for reference-clock generation, other ...

Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) are commonly used to perform a variety of clock processing tasks, such as clock frequency multiplication and clock deskewing. PLLs, like many other analog IP macros, come ...

The accelerating need for ever higher data rates and serial I/O density sets demanding performance requirements for current and next generation SerDes transceivers. Not only must they handle multiple ...

THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM is a marvel of science and engineering. It has become so ubiquitous that we are starting to take it for granted. Receivers are everywhere. In our vehicle satnav units, in ...

What does it really take to build a clean 1.28 GHz reference? Uncover the architecture decisions, noise trade-offs, and ...

The high-speed serial interface signals supporting today's computer and communications systems are too fast for most general-purpose test equipment. For example, PCI Express operates at a 2.5-GHz bit ...

The phase-locked loop (PLL) has become one of the most versatile tools in the communication sector. PLLs are at the heart of circuits and devices ranging from clock recovery blocks in data ...

Behavioral modeling and simulation of a PLL based integer n frequency synthesizer has been illustrated in this paper. The synthesizer generates a signal of 5.15-5.25GHz in the UNII (Unlicensed ...

The interpretation of signals within a synchronous digital communications system relies upon timing. Whether a 1 or a 0 is read by a receiver depends entirely on when the signal is sampled, and sample ...