When it comes to measuring the "hardness" of a material, most tests are distinctly low-tech and basically involve pressing a diamond tip into the surface and measuring the size of the dent produced.

A new computational method now makes it possible to calculate the forces between large molecules with unprecedented accuracy.

Virtual particles exploit the natural fuzziness of the subatomic world, where if these ephemeral particles live briefly enough, they can also briefly borrow their energy from empty space. The haziness ...

Work close workEnergy transferred by a force. Work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force. is done when energy is transferred from one store to another. Work is also done when a ...