The hidden Markov model (HMM), a statistical model widely applied in machine learning, has proven effective in addressing various problems in ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...

Markov chains provide a fundamental framework for modelling stochastic processes, where the next state depends solely on the current state. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) extend this framework by ...

Drought is a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that significantly affects human and environmental activity, and can be considered one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters.