This image depicts the chemical structure of cytosine. It shows a hexagonal ring with nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, and a primary amine group attached to carbon 4. The two remaining positions ...

Chemical structure of guanine, showing its double-ring purine structure and the functional groups involved in hydrogen bonding with cytosine. (Image: Public Domain) Guanine has the chemical formula ...

Proteins carry out many of an organism's critical functions, and they are coded for by genes. To make a protein from a gene, a cell first needs a copy of the gene in the form of a molecule called RNA.

Inside every cell, a finely tuned metabolic network determines when to build, recycle, or stop producing essential molecules.

Key building blocks of DNA and RNA can be made from the same raw materials. This finding suggests that instead of one or the other kick-starting life on Earth, both chemicals were involved in the ...

Pyrimidines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds, characterized by a single six-membered ring structure composed of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms. They are one of the two ...

Genes on the sex chromosomes would be expected to show different activity between men (with an X chromosome and a Y ...

A bacterial protein helps to stop transcription -- the process of making RNA copies of DNA to carry out the functions of the cell -- by causing the cellular machinery that transcribes the DNA to pause ...

Google DeepMind has expanded its AlphaFold AI system to not only predict the structure of proteins, but also to model how proteins interact with other cell structures, including DNA, RNA, and small ...