Monitoring cardiac output is essential in the treatment of critically ill patients. It may improve the indication and choice of treatment in a hemodynamically unstable patient. Furthermore, the ...

Cardiac output close cardiac outputThe amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output. is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle ...

Stroke volume was calculated by the invasively validated aortic annular leading-edge method as (aortic annular cross-sectional area) × (Doppler time velocity integral of aortic annular flow), 24 and ...