Humans and most mammals long ago ceased producing 9 of the 20 amino acids needed for protein biosynthesis. These are instead acquired from the diet and microbiota. Most cells of the immune system ...

Eukaryotes respond to amino acid starvation by enhancing the translation of mRNAs encoding b-ZIP family transcription factors (GCN4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ATF4 in mammals), which launch ...